How to Sue Someone in Small Claims Court – Step-by-Step Guide

Filing a lawsuit in small claims court can be an effective way to resolve disputes without the need for expensive legal fees or lengthy court battles. Whether you're dealing with unpaid debts, property damage, or breach of contract, small claims court provides a streamlined process for seeking justice.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through each step of suing someone in small claims court, from preparing your case to collecting your judgment. By the end, you’ll have a clear understanding of how to navigate the process successfully.

What Is Small Claims Court?

Small claims court is a special court where disputes are resolved quickly and inexpensively. The rules are simplified, and cases are usually decided by a judge rather than a jury. Each state sets a maximum dollar limit for small claims cases, typically ranging from $2,500 to $25,000, depending on the jurisdiction.

Common Cases Handled in Small Claims Court

• Unpaid loans or debts

• Property damage (e.g., car accidents, landlord-tenant disputes)

• Breach of contract (oral or written)

• Consumer complaints (defective products, poor services)

• Unreturned security deposits

Now, let’s dive into the step-by-step process of filing a small claims lawsuit.

Step 1: Determine If You Have a Valid Claim

Before filing a lawsuit, ensure your case meets the following criteria:
✅ The dispute falls within the small claims limit (check your state’s maximum).
✅ The defendant is legally responsible (you must prove they owe you money or caused harm).
✅ You have evidence (receipts, contracts, text messages, photos, witness statements).

If your claim exceeds the small claims limit, you may need to file in a higher court or consider reducing your claim amount.

Step 2: Send a Demand Letter (Optional but Recommended)

A demand letter is a formal notice asking the other party to resolve the issue before going to court. It should include:

• Your name and contact details

• The defendant’s name and address

• A clear explanation of the dispute

• The amount you’re demanding

• A deadline for payment (e.g., 14 days)

Sending a demand letter shows the court you attempted to settle the matter amicably, which can strengthen your case.

Step 3: Identify the Correct Court Jurisdiction

You must file your lawsuit in the right court based on:

• Where the defendant lives or does business

• Where the incident occurred (e.g., car accident location)

• Where a contract was signed or breached

Check your state’s small claims court website for filing rules.

Step 4: Fill Out the Necessary Court Forms

You’ll need to complete a complaint form (sometimes called a "statement of claim"). This document outlines:

• Your name and the defendant’s details

• The reason for the lawsuit

• The amount you’re suing for

Some courts allow online filing, while others require in-person submission.

Step 5: Pay the Filing Fee

Filing fees vary by state but typically range from $30 to $150. If you can’t afford the fee, ask the court clerk about a fee waiver.

Step 6: Serve the Defendant Properly

After filing, you must legally notify the defendant about the lawsuit through proper service. Options include:

• Certified mail with return receipt (allowed in some states)

• Hiring a professional process server

• Having a sheriff or court officer deliver the papers

Improper service can delay or dismiss your case, so follow your state’s rules carefully.

Step 7: Prepare for Your Court Hearing

Once the defendant is served, the court will schedule a hearing. Here’s how to prepare:

Gather Evidence

• Contracts, invoices, or receipts

• Photos or videos of damages

• Texts, emails, or recorded calls (check if your state allows recordings)

• Witness statements (written or in-person)

Practice Your Statement

Keep your explanation short and factual. Judges appreciate clarity.

Dress Professionally & Arrive Early

First impressions matter—dress neatly and arrive at least 30 minutes early.

Step 8: Attend the Court Hearing

During the hearing:

• The judge will ask both sides to present their case.

• You’ll have a few minutes to explain why you’re suing.

• The defendant may argue their side.

• The judge may ask questions before making a decision.

Some cases are decided immediately, while others receive a mailed judgment.

Step 9: Collect Your Judgment

Winning in court doesn’t guarantee payment. If the defendant refuses to pay, you may need to:

• Request a wage garnishment (court orders their employer to deduct payments)

• Place a lien on their property

• Seize bank accounts or assets (through a sheriff)

Each state has different collection procedures, so check with the court clerk.

Alternative: Settling Out of Court

Even after filing, you can negotiate a settlement. If both parties agree, you can dismiss the case and avoid further legal steps.

Final Tips for Success in Small Claims Court

✔ Be organized – Keep all documents in order.
✔ Stay calm in court – Emotional outbursts hurt your credibility.
✔ Follow up on collections – Don’t let the defendant ignore the judgment.

Conclusion

Suing someone in small claims court doesn’t have to be intimidating. By following these steps—filing correctly, serving the defendant, presenting strong evidence, and enforcing your judgment—you can recover what you’re owed efficiently.

If you need further legal guidance, consider consulting an attorney or checking your state’s small claims resources.

For more helpful legal tips and guides, visit uorni.